Effects of Media on Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Impacts of Media on Communication - Essay Example For instance, Americans can discover virtual companions online from different nations who in the end become their genuine companions. As correspondence with the virtual companions become increasingly visit, correspondence with genuine loved ones take a contrary heading. This is genuine in interpersonal interaction destinations as well as with the impacts of other media too, for example, the TV. While one relative invests his energy in the PC, another is before the TV while still another is talking on the telephone. This makes families be there yet not ‘really being there’ for one another. It could likewise be like a family who may all be before the TV whose correspondences become dangerous too in light of the fact that every one is focusing on what is being appeared on TV. Individuals could talk with one another yet their correspondence isn't too included contrasted with when they don't have anything else to do however convey. This is on the grounds that their considerat ion is isolated. All in all, media influences correspondence from multiple points of view, emphatically and contrarily. Notwithstanding, individuals should remember that the things we use to improve our correspondence don't just improve or obliterate correspondence all alone however it will take individuals to do those. Hence, it is the choice of an individual if media will crush his correspondence or improve it. All things considered, everything that is acceptable consistently have something awful it brings along however it will consistently rely upon the individuals how they will let these things influence them.

Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay: Time -- Love Song J. Alfred Pr

Time and The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrockâ â  Pericles once said Be administered by time, the most shrewd advisor of all. This leader of the past probably won't have had the innovation of today, yet he didn't require it to perceive time’s overbearing nature over all humankind. Regardless of what advances man makes, he will always be unable to hinder time nor stop it totally; nor it shows up will he have the option to jump into the past or what's to come. Time is one thing that man can't control, rather it controls man. No sonnet preferable shows this point over T.S. Eliot’s The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. Prufrock is caught by the problem of time in that regardless of what he does, he generally relapses to his beginning stage. His life has been diminished to a diurnal pattern of tedious tasks that appear to be directed by time. Prufrock’s choices and amendments are dull and tedious; one might say, he has no through and through freedom. His absence of discretion can be obviously found in his roundabout journey all through the sonnet: he starts his excursion by complying with time, makes a small endeavor to disturb the constancy of regular daily existence, and gets himself again pitifully limited by time to his ongoing propensities. In this sonnet, time takes on a particular significance. Instead of essentially being an outer item that needs power over man, Eliot raises the importance of this outside article to another level. The time gave to the speaker can be compared with his activities. Ordinary he is given a specific measure of time, and for quite a while he is set up to let out the butt-parts of the bargains 2461) toward the finish of the his insipid day. The dissatisfaction Prufrock develops is brought about by the tedious reiteration of his activities. Moreover, he feels as if he can not esc... ...gle day by day: we can not control time. Regardless of how much innovation humankind acquires, it is improbable that we will ever show up at a point in history where time doesn't restrain us somehow or another. The significance of this reality lies in its acknowledgment by man. When we can understand our control by time, we will have the option to live in concordance with it, utilizing the entirety of this valuable amount which we are conceded.  Works Cited Eliot, T.S.. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H. Abrams. New York: Norton, 1996. 2459-2463. Pinion, F. B. A T.S. Eliot Companion. Totowa: Barnes and Noble Books, 1986. Sharma, Jitendra Kumar. Time and T.S. Eliot: His Poetry, Plays, and Philosophy. New York: Apt Books, INC. 1985. Spurr, David. Clashes in Consciousness: T.S. Eliot’s Poetry and Criticism. Urbana: U of Illinois P. 1984. Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay: Time - Love Song J. Alfred Pr Time and The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrockâ â  Pericles once said Be controlled by time, the savvies guide of all. This leader of the past probably won't have had the innovation of today, yet he didn't require it to perceive time’s overbearing nature over all humanity. Regardless of what advances man makes, he will always be unable to hinder time nor stop it totally; nor it shows up will he have the option to jump into the past or what's to come. Time is one thing that man can't control, rather it controls man. No sonnet preferable shows this point over T.S. Eliot’s The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. Prufrock is caught by the problem of time in that regardless of what he does, he generally relapses to his beginning stage. His life has been decreased to a diurnal pattern of repetitive tasks that appear to be directed by time. Prufrock’s choices and updates are dull and dreary; it could be said, he has no through and through freedom. His absence of restraint can be plainly found in his roundabout journey all through the sonnet: he starts his excursion by fitting in with time, makes a small endeavor to disturb the perpetual quality of regular day to day existence, and gets himself again miserably limited by time to his ongoing propensities. In this sonnet, time takes on a particular significance. As opposed to just being an outer article that needs command over man, Eliot raises the significance of this outside item to another level. The time gave to the speaker can be likened with his activities. Ordinary he is given a specific measure of time, and for a long time he is set up to let out the butt-parts of the bargains 2461) toward the finish of the his flat day. The disappointment Prufrock develops is brought about by the tedious reiteration of his activities. Moreover, he feels as if he can not esc... ...gle every day: we can not control time. Regardless of how much innovation humankind gets, it is improbable that we will ever show up at a point in history where time doesn't restrict us somehow or another. The significance of this reality lies in its acknowledgment by man. When we can fathom our mastery by time, we will have the option to live in congruity with it, utilizing the entirety of this valuable amount which we are conceded.  Works Cited Eliot, T.S.. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H. Abrams. New York: Norton, 1996. 2459-2463. Pinion, F. B. A T.S. Eliot Companion. Totowa: Barnes and Noble Books, 1986. Sharma, Jitendra Kumar. Time and T.S. Eliot: His Poetry, Plays, and Philosophy. New York: Apt Books, INC. 1985. Spurr, David. Clashes in Consciousness: T.S. Eliot’s Poetry and Criticism. Urbana: U of Illinois P. 1984.

Career Coaches another perk for our Seeples COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Career Coaches another perk for our Seeples COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog If you did any research before applying to graduate school, youre probably aware that SIPA has its own career office dedicated to SIPA students.  That means that SIPAs Office of Career Services (OCS) has only one job: to help current SIPA students  enhance their networking skills and job/internship hunt. For me, the key takeaway is that OCS is just here to assist SIPA students. Not Law School students, not Teachers College students, and not Columbia College (undergraduate) students. And thats a big deal. You may recall yesterday years from undergrad when you were fighting for face time with your Office of Career Services. (I know I did!) You had to schedule appointments weeks in advance and they were impossible to reach via phone. Thats not an issue at SIPA. OCS is just here for its Seeples and we wouldnt have it any other way. The offer a variety of services to help current students and alumni find their career paths, such as networking events, on-campus recruitment sessions, career advising, and internship grants. One service that I believe is often overlooked, is SIPA Career Coaching (SIPACC) by experts in the field.  SIPACCs are full-time professionals who volunteer throughout the year to offer industry-specific knowledge to current students who just dont know which direction to go.  Sessions run 30 minutes and current students can sign up for them in SIPAlink, our job and internship database. Typically, you can expect to pay $100 or more for a one-on-one career coaching session, but the wonderful volunteers with SIPACC offer this service for free! In the sessions  theyll: Dispense industry-specific job advice in their field(s). Share their knowledge about various career opportunities related to the advisee’s SIPA concentration or specialization. Establish steps that should be undertaken by the advisee in order to advance in a particular industry. Offer other career advice at their discretion. On another note: this isnt a one-time thing. SIPA students and alumni can sign up for three coaching sessions per semester! So add this to the win column for why SIPA is the place for you. We hope to see you in the fall.

U.s Propaganda On Vietnam War - 1355 Words

U.S propaganda in Vietnam War In the need of human resources, the U.S government in the 3rd quarter of the 20th century has started mobilizing young men into navy and military troops. This mobilization was preceded with heavy amount of propaganda that used big variety of different motives to recruit as many people as possible and to stop the deserters that tried to flee to the country. The motives used in propaganda ranged from hateful to nationalistic. When thinking of power, most people think of United States whether it be financial power or military power. But when looking into how United States got this power and maintains it, you have to look at the ins and outs of its ploys. One thing that plays a key role in this militaristic power is the use of propaganda. The use of propaganda has helped United States out in many ways and has become a tactic to win wars. For example, during World War 2 the United States used posters and newspapers to get the public riled up about the war. This eventually helped the country out and helped them win the war. The use of media propaganda can help out in many ways such as encouraging soldiers to fight, implant a strong dislike for the nemesis, or just get support from back home. These little things have helped United States win wars in the past when done correctly. But when the technique of propaganda is used wrong, it can be the key factor of losing a war and that is exactly what happened in the Vietnam War. As the government slowlyShow MoreRelatedVietnam Propaganda; Planting a Seed in the Mind of American Soldiers785 Words   |  4 Pages Vietnam in 1954 was a country that had nationalism flowing in their veins after the decades of being under French and for a short time the Japanese rule. All the Vietnamese wanted was to be its own country. The North started fighting back the French and did whatever they could to take back their homeland. The French were beginning to feel this under the numerous attacks the Vietnamese started against them. A number of nations met to determine how the French could peacefully withdraw. The GenevaRead MoreThe Influence of Television on American Society and Politics1709 Words   |  7 Pages For millions of years, messengers (or now days reporters) have told the events of a war to people on the home-front, but in all of that time, never once did it change the war’s result. Not until the introduction of newspapers, televisions and the intern et, has any media had enough of an impact to alter the conclusion of a war. 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The Threats Of Business Information Resources And...

This paper will address some of the threats to business’ information resources and corrective actions on how these businesses can protect themselves in the modern age of technology. While technology has rapidly expanded a corporation’s abilities to deploy digital communication and data sharing, it has also ushered in a wave of cyber criminals and illegal data mining of proprietary information. This paper contains information on the tools that can be used to protect businesses and private users from unwanted attacks from hackers and malicious software. These tools are useful in protecting business’ and users from threats but are not always effective. The human element in protecting data and how to make smart decisions on how and where†¦show more content†¦We have witnessed that the Internet has made users‘ lives easier and has begun to link together varied segregated services (e.g., tele/communications, banking, investing, pharmacy, social interacti on, education, entertainment) and devices (e.g., computers, servers, smart phones, even electronic chips in individual household air conditioning). The integration of such diverse technological applications coupled with the rapid growth of online users make fraudulent activities likely to rise further, if no intervention is proposed and implemented. (Wang Huang, 2011, p. 2) Businesses and private individuals need to confront the issue of cyber-crime head on and implement technology and procedures to aid the deterrence of information technology breaches. Introduction Sub-section 2 Inconvenience, damage to public image, and lost time are only a few of the negative aspects of cyber-crime for the companies and individuals that to have to deal with it, there is often a considerable cost associated with whatever damage is done by these individuals. â€Å"Hackers, computer criminals, and cyber-criminals, both domestic and international, could cost the U.S. economy over $100 billion and 500,000 jobs per year, according to a 2013 report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), a Washington D.C. think tank.† (Bidgoli, 2014, p. 85) These costs can be incurred due to downtime, loss of

To what extent can Lady Macbeth be seen as a female gothic protagonist at the start of the play Free Essays

At first meeting, Lady Macbeth appears to us as a ruthless predator, an emancipated woman driven by an all-consuming passion and displaying perfectly, the antithesis of womanhood. She has, it seems, acquired all the necessary requirements to fill the role of a female gothic protagonist. Whether or not she utilises these factors to the full extent and can really be called the protagonist will be discussed in further detail. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent can Lady Macbeth be seen as a female gothic protagonist at the start of the play? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Her character is not unveiled until Act I Scene V where, with the use of three speeches, she exposes the workings of her mind and lay it out for the audience. Her second speech displays perfectly the idea of Lady Macbeth as a ruthless predator. She calls on the supernatural to ‘unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty!’ She asks them to ‘Stop up the access and passage to remorse’ and to ‘make thick’ her blood. Here she displays a woman incapable of any feelings of love or amity, but it is important to think of her before she makes this request. If it is necessary for her to ask for the remittal of her remorse, then she must have had the ability to feel such feelings beforehand. We are given no background information on this woman and it is therefore difficult to say if she was always like this or whether it was Macbeth’s letter that changed her; this appeal she makes is one of few insights into her p ossible mind-set as Lady Macbeth before the play. Her status as a woman who displays the antithesis of womanhood can hardly be doubted, but Lady Macbeth would not have publicised these feelings. We know this from her relation with Duncan who refers to her as ‘our honoured hostess.’ The King of Scotland would hardly encourage a woman to act the way Lady Macbeth does on the audience’s initial meeting with her. Indeed, Lady Macbeth is a woman changed entirely when in the presence of people of such high status. She appears to be a domesticated woman, one happy to be at home while her husband goes out to war to serve as a loyal citizen. And yet, we know otherwise. In her second speech, she refers to her home as ‘my battlements.’ This presumption of hers, this idea that she should own her home and not her husband would have been a farcical one. The most menacing speeches uttered by Lady Macbeth occur not just when she summons iniquity, but when she does so with a language that refutes and distorts her maternal nature. In her second speech, she speaks to these ‘spirits’ and asks that they ‘come to my woman’s breasts, And take my milk for gall†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This line turns this universally natural feature of womanhood into something dark and troubling. Adding to this, the suggestion of changing a mother’s milk, what she feeds her children on, to poison, is a disgusting one. Further on in the play, Shakespeare manipulates this perversion of motherhood again when Lady Macbeth conveys a fantasy of infanticide: ‘I would, while it was smiling in my face, Have pluck’d my nipple from his boneless gums, And dash’d the brains out†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This horrific image is so against the searing love a mother feels for her child, that it is impossible for the reader to accept that Lady Macbeth fully comprehends firstly, what she is saying and secondly, that maternal love despite her previous statement of ‘I know how tender ‘tis to love the babe that milks me†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ However, Shakespeare has allowed the reader room for doubt. While we are certain that Lady Macbeth is a woman depraved of all the typical qualities of a homemaker, we do see a potential insight into the Macbeth’s sexual relations and Lady Macbeth’s ‘duty’ as a wife. Here, it appears she abides but it does become apparent that it is her who leads the way. Our insight into this idea is in her first speech where she talks of ‘pour[ing] my spirits in thine ear; And chastis[ing] with the valour of my tongue.’ The suggestion here that Lady Macbeth can impress things on her husband through the use of sex, would have been a shocking one. So while these sexual insinuations suggest the ‘wife’ side of Lady Macbeth, the knowledge that she can manipulate him as such, is once again the perfect display of the antithesis of womanhood. The gothic impact of Lady Macbeth’s indiscretion has less to do with her demonic entreaties, but rather more so with the reversals of her female nature, which show how willing she is to contemplate and fulfil her ambition for power. While certain aspects of her speech allow the reader to imagine her, for a second, as a woman happy to live and serve as a reclaimed wife, her ability to twist and distort words and ideas disallow the audience to hold these thoughts for long. This amalgamation of supernatural desires and her willingness to abandon her sex create, for the reader, a potent force of evil and the perfect female, gothic protagonist. disparagingly of her husband’s ‘human kindness’ but she summons demonic powers with her invocation: ‘Come, you spirits, / That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, / And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full / Of direst cruelty’ (1.5.38-41). She continues in similar vein: ‘Come to my woman’s breasts, / And take my milk for gall’ (1.5.45-46). Her communing with the forces of darkness is expressed in terms that seek to remove the ‘compunctious visitings’ of her female nature. Later, in one of the play’s most disturbing images, Lady Macbeth expresses a fantasy of infanticide: I have given suck, and know How tender ‘tis to love the babe that milks me. I would, while it was smiling in my face, Have pluck’d my nipple from his boneless gums And dashed the brains out However, when it comes to her manipulation of Macbeth, she adopts the powerful weapon of sexual taunting: Art thou afeard To be the same in thine own act and valour As thou art in desire? When you durst do it, then you were a man. Lady Macbeth’s evil allows her at one and the same time to deny her maternal nature and to control her husband by invoking her sexuality. It is this capacity to distort her female identity to gain her political ends that makes Lady Macbeth at once a potent force for evil and a transgressive figure of the female gothic. How to cite To what extent can Lady Macbeth be seen as a female gothic protagonist at the start of the play?, Papers

Study of Dosso Dossis Jupiter free essay sample

Study of Dosso Dossi’s Jupiter, Mercury and Virtue Dosso Dossi (c. 1486-1542) was a Renaissance painter from the city of Ferrara in Northern Italy. Collaborating with his brother Battista, Dosso created some of the most groundbreaking yet baffling works for the dukes of Ferrara. Dosso’s paintings, however, remained largely unheard of apart from occasional appearances in academic journals, until a series of traveling exhibitions in 1999 brought the artist back in attention. Heavily influenced by High Renaissance masters Leonardo and Michelangelo, as well as by Venetian painters, Dosso adopted a rich yet still subtle colour palette. What set him apart from his peers, on the other hand, were his atmospheric and â€Å"impressionistic† landscape and imaginative treatment of mythological subjects. In 1523, commissioned by Duke Alfonso I d’Este, Dosso painted Jupiter, Mercury, and Virtue, a profound rendition on canvas of extraordinary scale (44 1/8 x 59 inches). The painting is an illustrious demonstration of Dosso’s skills and visions during of his mid-career. We will write a custom essay sample on Study of Dosso Dossis Jupiter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To show this, this paper includes a visual analysis of the painting as well as a description of major iconographic aspects in context with the artistic and social developments in High Renaissance Ferrara. In Jupiter, Mercury, and Virtue, from a visual perspective, a trio of figures occupies the surreal stage-like setting; the leftmost is Jupiter, the king of gods in Roman mythology. Sitting with his legs crossed next to his thunderbolt, Jupiter is calmly painting butterflies on a blue canvas, a delicate extension of the hazy sky in the background. With his back turned to his father Jupiter, Mercury is seated in the centre with his winged hat and green drapery blowing fiercely in the gusty winds. He puts his fingers to his lips to shush a pleading female figure in a lavish golden dress and luxurious jewelry, identified as an allegory of Virtue (Creighton 1999, 1). Jupiter, Mercury and Virtue, in comparison to Titian and Giorgione’s paintings and Venetian art in general, not only has the trademark serene and radiating colours, but also a significant chromatic depth and subtle variation. Through mixing and layering pigments and oil, Dosso achieved astonishing levels of detail and texture in both shadow and highlight, which transform accordingly to the unified light source. The light source, meanwhile, is accentuated by an overall chiaroscuro applied to the entire canvas. Following Leonardo’s tendency to use complementary colours to accomplish compositional unity, Dosso stressed the issue by juxtaposing Jupiter’s red drapery with Mercury’s green one. Meanwhile, large portions of gold blend harmoniously with vast areas of blue in the background. Dosso’s realistic depiction of gestures and facial expressions is also reminiscent of Leonardo’s works. This is most evident from Mercury and Virtue’s exchanging gazes and hand gestures, which intensify the drama and emotion in the scene in addition to the already authentic portrayal of human body. In terms of dealing with human body, Dosso’s achievement is akin to that of Michelangelo. Over and above the clinically precise anatomy, the figures embody exceptionally relaxed and elegant postures. To hint interaction among the figures, Dosso placed each of them at an angled position with their shoulders twisted and legs crossed, much like the contrapposto poses found in Michelangelo’s sculptures. Small patches of localized chiaroscuro replicate the idealized yet soft muscles to create a sense of weight and plasticity, particularly on Mercury’s exposed arms and feet. Regardless of numerous signs of influence from works of High Renaissance masters such as Leonardo and Michelangelo, as well as Venetian paintings, Dosso’s Jupiter, Mercury and Virtue demonstrates a great many aspects of originality in its visual presentation alone. At its immense size, the painting seeks to convey a large amount of information with its intricate details, as often seen in Northern paintings. Despite the fact that the trio appears in the same plane, Dosso still managed to imply a vibrant three-dimensional space on canvas: as a perspective grid is difficult to apply without a complex architectural setting, Dosso used extensive chiaroscuro and foreshortening to make the figures more convincing. The effect is particularly striking on Virtue’s shortened right arm, which alludes to the space beyond the principal plane. Above all, the most distinctive feature in Dosso’s painting is its imaginative treatment of mythological subjects. As indicated by a good number of art historians, Virtue, here personified as a goddess, turns out to have been mistreated and abused by Fortune and her companions. Virtue’s friends, who were unable to protect her and thus fled, left her to be â€Å"beaten, stripped bare, and dragged through the mud† (Fiorenza, 152) by Fortune and her fellow bullies. Immediately following Virtue’s mistreatment is the scene depicted on canvas: Virtue comes to Jupiter to inform him of Fortune’s crime, when she is given the trivial excuse that the gods are busy aking sure that the butterflies have beautifully painted wings. Amusingly, this brief background story is practically the only part that the art historians agreed upon. Early interpretations include a complicated love story between Mercury and Virtue, as well as the possible allusion that Jupiter is in fact a portrait of Duke Alfonso I d’Este, the commissioner of the painting. (Fiorenza, 29) Some even suggested t he painting was created to celebrate the artist’s fortieth birthday. Fiorenza, 24) Virtue’s identity has also been questioned frequently, as she had never been portrayed as such in previous paintings. Based on the luxurious clothing and elegant attire, some have even suggested the female is in fact Flora, the goddess of flowers and the season of spring, as depicted in Sandro Botticelli’s Primavera. (Fiorenza, 152-159) Subsequent to the 1999 exhibitions, deeper readings into the painting have emerged. Jupiter, Mercury, and Virtue has become the universal title since the exhibitions and remains the official name at its current location of Wawel Castle in Krakow, Poland. According to Giancarlo Fiorenza, the silencing gesture by Mercury is evocative of his counterpart in Greek mythology, Hermes, the god of eloquence. During the Renaissance, scholars including Boccaccio claimed Mercury as a wind god, which justifies the gusty winds around him that sends his green cloak mid-air. In contrast to the dynamism of Mercury and Virtue, Jupiter, the ruler of the gods, appears to be painting butterflies, a reference to his control over nature, in his own tranquil world. Even the immaculate and ethereal background is meaningful to the narrative. The impressionistic landscape, transforming from a spring rainstorm to a misty summer day from the right to the left, is highlighted by a dazzling rainbow directly above Jupiter’s painting. The landscape not only serves as a backdrop to fill in the void, but also evokes the narrative aspect of the painting, along with the brilliantly positioned figures: the kneeling Virtue, whose ornamental flowers are no longer in blossom, begs Mercury to extend the season of spring. A messenger of Jupiter, Mercury silences her mercilessly. Jupiter’s butterflies, meanwhile, resemble the transition to summer, a common time for butterflies to hatch. Mercury’s contrapposto seating posture, in this scenario, serves as a compositional device, as well as a connection between the sequence of events, by sitting toward summer and turning back at spring, linking the two with astounding elegance. At the time of Dosso’s creation of Jupiter, Mercury, and Virtue, the Duchy of Ferrara had ended its war against the nearby Venice, and the city’s art scene, along with the its economy and magnificence, were booming. The dukes’ interest in art started with Ercole I, who appointed architect Biagio Rossetti to re-plan and design the city in 1484, around the time Dosso was born. The stunning new town of Ferrara introduced the humanist concept of the â€Å"ideal city† and marked the beginning of modern town planning. It remains standing today and has become a UNESCO World Heritage Site in recent years. Ercole, together with his son Alfonso, by financing musicians and painters to work in Ferrara, became some of the most significant patrons of art during Italian Renaissance after the Medicis of Florence. With the father and son’s support, the fine art of painting thrived in and around Ferrara and later became known as the School of Ferrara, whose members include Dosso Dossi. By 1523, the year Dosso began with Jupiter, Mercury, and Virtue, he had already visited Venice and Florence and no doubt had he studied the numerous paintings in the two cities. Stylistically, Dosso’s piece was clearly influenced by Venetian and Florentine art. Even though the slightly exaggerated and elongated torsos suggest hints of Mannerism, which was just developing around Florence at the time, the idea of natural harmony appears to be more predominant in Dosso’s painting. In terms of subject matter, however, Dosso’s choice was a rare one: while most artists focused on religious subjects and portraitures for their patrons, Dosso opted for an allegorical scene from Roman mythology, showing his homage to antiquity.

The structure of Tourism Industry Essay Example

The structure of Tourism Industry Essay Section 1 Introduction to the structure of Tourism Industry In this report, the structure of the current industry will be examined, according to Holloways model. According to Holloways there are four main sectors from both Private and Public Sector. They are Producers, Tour Operators and Brokers, Travel Agents and the Tourist (Holloway 1994:58) Producers We will write a custom essay sample on The structure of Tourism Industry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The structure of Tourism Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The structure of Tourism Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Producers can exist from both Private and Public Sector. Public sector bodies tend to be particularly dominant in certain sectors of the attraction business, including museums, historic sites, galleries, theatres and leisure centers, for example. (Horner, S., Swarbrooke J., 1996: 280) Private Sector companies are particularly important players in certain sectors of the attraction business such as theme parks and industrial tourism (Horner, S., Swarbrooke J., 1996: 281) Producers consist of accommodation, carriers and man made attractions. Accommodation is, by a long way, the largest and most ubiquitous sub sector within the tourism economy. With few exceptions, tourists require a location where they can rest and revive during their travels through, or stay within, a tourism destination. (Cooper et all, 1998: 313) Transportation for tourism is an essential element of the tourist product in two ways: it is the means to reach the destination and it is necessary as a means of movement at the destination. Increasingly, as transport is viewed as part of leisure, the journey is at least as important as the destination itself. (Cooper et all, 1998: 271). Man made attractions, homes, ancient monuments, activity centres, theme parks and catering facilities are produced to serve tourists. Integration The term of integration is an economic concept to describe formal linking arrangements between one organization and another ( Cooper et all, 1998: 251) Vertical integration is the merging or acquisition of one organization with another or the development of a strategic alliance with another organization at a different level of the industry/distribution chain. It can be forward or backward vertical integration (Adopted from lecture notes) Horizontal integration is the merging of acquisition of one organization with another or the development of a strategic alliance with another organization on the same level of the chain of distribution or develops a new product which would become located on the same level(Adopted from lecture notes) Tourism has so much integration because of the benefits that can be obtained through integration and because tourism industry itself has highly competitive nature.First af all integration allows the added advantage of improved control over the quality of the product (Holloway 2002: 85) The benefits of the horizontal integration could be the expansion of the market share in existing markets, the reduction of levels of competition, the expansion into new markets provision of complementary products. Verticals integration benefits could be the control over access to and the cost of supplies and the control over distribution. Tourism as a service and its service product characteristics The four product characteristics are: * Intangibility * Perishability * Inseparability * Heterogeneity In Tourism, consumers often dont purchase products but services. It is difficult to use your senses to make a purchase decision because the service experience will be defined after the decision has been made. The service could be defined intangible when a customer receives a confirmation or a ticket by delivery after the purchase has been made. Also, sometimes in Tourism Industry, travelers make a decision according reputation. For example customers will obviously prefer the Holiday Inn instead of a guest house! The most intangible the product is, the greater interest for the marketing department to make as more as tangible they can. Perishability sometimes can lead to problems for many marketing departments in Tourism. The particular time when the customer is booking a ticket the service is manufactured at the same time as it is consumed. If the organizations staff is not present at the purchase time the opportunity is lost! Inseparability means that the customer often comes into direct contact with the services providers. If they dont do their job in a particular way in order to satisfy the customers needs, means a bad reputation to the organization. But also the opposite; the better the staff is the better reputation obtains. Finally, heterogeneity may cause problems but also to be a benefit for the organization. In a multi location hotel company one branch might be a bad reputation for the whole organization or a really good branch to save the reputation of the organisation. Nowadays the services of the Tourism Industry have changed in the way they are sold. Airline companies, train companies, travel agencies are selling their products on line through internet. The purchase of a ticket or a package holiday can be completed through internet. Introduction of Picnic Airways Picnic Airways is a privately well growing owned company, located within the transportation sector of the Tourism Industry. According to Holloways model, air, rail, sea and road transport are part of the carriers/transportation sector of the Industry. Section 2 Introduction Picnic Airways flies to five different destinations (Frankfurt, Munich, Parma, Pisa, Prague, and Rome. The expectations of the company is to expand its routes into Eastern Europe (Balkan Countries, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Ukraine, Yugoslavia). Some of these countries are going to join European Union such as, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Lithuania, Slovak Republic and Czech Republic. It would be useful to investigate the effect of these countries, which are going to join E.U., on Picnic Airways. There are many implications to operate the flights to these countries, externally (macro environment) and internally (micro environment). The Macro Environment The macro environment is made up of societal forces that can not be controlled by organisations. They can only try to anticipate them and respond to them as effectively as possible. (Horner S., Swarbrooke J. 1996: 106) We are going to consider these factors by using a PESTLE analysis which refers to political, economical, socio cultural, technological, legal and environmental factors that affect Picnic Airways. Section 2.1 Political Issues Europe is clearly in a period of rapid political change, which is of great significance for the European tourism, leisure and hospitality sectors (Horner S., Swarbrooke J. 1996: 108). The European Commission affects tourism in a wide variety of ways EC Package Travel Directive * The activities of its directorate DG XXIII * Projects such as European Development Fund * EU campaigns, policy and strategy at a European Union level, such as, the Green Paper on Tourism Policy * The implementation of the single market * The deregulation and liberalization of air fares * And the single European currency. (Horner S., Swarbrooke J. 1996:108). Section 2.2 Economic issues At the European level the key economic factors are increasingly those which are being influenced by the actions of the European Commission. They include: * Plans to abolish duty free sales between member states by the end of the decade(which is already implemented) * The idea of harmonizing sales taxes, both in terms of the rate and the goods and services on which they are levied * Deregulation and liberalization of markets that have been largely regulated by individual national governments, such as air travel. Also the single currency within the European Union. The tourist flows between member states, which have always been influenced by currency exchange rates. For example, the number of British visitors to France fell between 1992 and 1995 as the pound fell in value against the Franc fort from around 9.5 in summer 1992 to 7.40 in spring 1996. (Horner S., Swarbrooke J. 1996:112). All these measures could be threat to airlines such Picnic Airways. Section 2.3 Sociological Issues These can be divided into several categories, namely: * Demographic factors, in other words, those concerned with population structure in terms of characteristics such as age, sex, religion, race, education and birth, death and fertility rates. * Social concerns crime, health and environmental issues * The emerge of distinctive subcultures within societies, that share certain values and perhaps characteristics as consumers. (Horner S., Swarbrooke J. 1996:113). An AIDS epidemic threatens to explode in some of eastern Europes ex-Soviet bloc states if nothing is done to counter economic and social factors helping the disease to spread, a study said Wednesday. According to figures included in the report, HIV infection is running at 53.7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in Ukraine, 17.3 in Belarus, 12.9 in Poland and 10.8 in Moldova. Poverty and lack of social cohesion is rife in some countries in the region struggling to transform centrally planned structures into market-driven economies since the collapse of the Soviet Union. It is not only economic reform which will determine the future, said the study. Social reform is essential, and this means addressing fundamental inequalities. (Agence France-Presse October 13, 1999) Alcohol consumption and psychosocial factors on health is being conducted in random samples of men and women aged 45-64 selected in Russia (city of Novosibirsk), Poland (2 districts of Krakow) and the Czech Republic (2 cities) three countries of Central and Eastern Europe undergoing rapid social and economic transition.(http://www.ucl.ac.uk/easteurope/hapiee.html) Section 2.4 Technological Issues Technological factors can be divided into several categories, namely: * Operational categories * Communication technologies * Transport technologies * Product technologies (Horner S., Swarbrooke J. 1996:118). Picnic Airways extended its number of aircraft from 4 to 8. That is a technological operational betterment of the company. As Picnic Airways is a low cost airline is better to relay on internet bookings like Easy Jet, because it is a good way to keep the costs low. Through Internet it will be the best way to attract passengers from Eastern Europe instead of branches in all the countries of Eastern Europe. Section 2.5 Legal Issues Legal issues include holiday entitlement health and safety issues, consumer protection and advertising. The Eastern European countries are of the poorest countries in Europe. The fact that they are going to be members of the European Union will improve the living standards the wages for the citizens. These countries will be conformed according to the EU law and regulations. Eastern Europe will be leaded to demand for tourism development. Section 2.6 Environmental Issues Environmental factor include issues like pollution and land use. The land use will be increased because of the new airports and the expansion of the old ones. The pollution will also be increased because of the fuels from aircrafts and air traffic Section 3 The Micro Environment To examine the Micro Environment, SWOT analysis will be useful. We are going to examine the Strengths the Weaknesses the Opportunities and the Threats that Picnic Airways face. As a basis for the companys planning further understanding of the organisations place within its market can be gained from a detailed consideration of the strengths and weaknesses of its current operations, and from scanning the various environment influences for threats and opportunities( Laws E., 1991:78) Section 3.1 Strengths Strengths are normally expressed as inherent current advantages, whether by earlier strategic decisions or historic good fortune. Strengths may exist in an organisations market / product portfolio and its operations in relation to competitors. Products with increasing shares of markets predicted to grow are obviously strengths. (Middleton V.T.C., Clarke J., 2001: 206) 1. Picnic Airways was able to attain considerable financial backing from financial investors. That means that the company will not face economical problem with purchasing new aircrafts, with employing more staff for aircrew and at the new destinations airports. Also there is not a problem for paying fees to the airports. 2. Hub airports like Heathrow and Gatwick are congested because host all airways companies. Picnic airways operates from East Midlands Airport which is uncontested and there will be no problem. Section 3.2 Weaknesses Weaknesses ranging ageing products in declining markets to surly customer contact staff, must also be clearly identified. Once identified, they may be subject to management action designed to minimize their impact or to remove them where possible. (Middleton V.T.C., Clarke J., 2001: 207) 1. Picnic Airways offers only a small number of destinations. Six destinations (Frankfurt, Munich, Parma, Pisa, Prague and Rome), only in three countries. 2. By operating the company from only one airport, East Midlands Airport, is limiting the potential market of customers. Section 3.3 Opportunities Opportunities in a marketing context may arise from elements of the business under direct control, such as a particular product or process, or a particular set of staff competencies. They may also arise from shifts in the external environment, which a firm may exploit. (Middleton V.T.C., Clarke J., 2001: 208) 1. Deregulation and liberalization of the skies would be an opportunity for Picnic airways because Eastern Europe will join the European Union in 2004. 2. Also the reduction in fuel prices constitutes an opportunity 3. New operational technologies, like smart cards are really vital for the company. Section 3.4 Threats Threats may be presented by internal elements within the businesss control or by external events such as exchange rate changes, rising oil prices or acts of international terrorism. (Middleton V.T.C., Clarke J., 2001: 208) 1. Due to the regulation and liberalization of the skies there will be an increased competition. 2. One of business biggest threats is the two other low cost airline companies, Easy Jet and Ryanair. These two companies would be able to drive away Picnic Airways because of the brand loyalty these companies have produced, if they would want to expand their business into the market of Eastern Europe. Section 4 Conclusion Concluding the findings of PESTLE and SWOT analysis it is worth for Picnic Airways to expand into the new market of Eastern Europe. It is a great opportunity because no famous airline company is established in Eastern Europe.

James West and the Invention of the Microphone

James West and the Invention of the Microphone James Edward West, Ph.D., was a Bell Laboratories Fellow at Lucent Technologies where he specialized in electro, physical and architectural acoustics. He retired in 2001 after dedicated more than 40 years to the company. He then took a position as a research professor with Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering.   Born in Prince Edward County, Virginia on February 10, 1931, West attended Temple University and interned at Bell Labs during his summer breaks. Upon his graduation in 1957, he joined Bell Labs and began work in electroacoustics, physical acoustics, and architectural acoustics. In conjunction with Gerhard Sessler, West patented the electret microphone in 1964 while working at Bell Laboratories. West’s Research   Wests research in the early 1960s led to the development of the foil electret transducers for sound recording and voice communication that are used in 90 percent all microphones built today. These electrets are also at the heart of most telephones now being manufactured. The new microphone became widely used because of its high performance, accuracy, and reliability. It also cost little to produce, and it was small and light weight. The electret transducer began as the result of an accident, like many notable inventions. West was fooling around with a radio – he loved taking things apart and putting them back together as a child, or at least attempting to put them back together. In this instance, he became acquainted with electricity, something that would fascinate him for years.   West’s Microphone   James West joined forces with Sessler while he was at Bell. Their goal was to develop a compact, sensitive microphone that wouldn’t cost a fortune to produce. They completed development of their electret microphone in 1962 – it worked on the basis of the electret transducers they had developed – and they began production of the device in 1969. Their invention became the standard of the industry. The vast majority of microphones used today in everything from baby monitors and hearing aids to telephones, camcorders and tape recorders all use Bell’s technology. James West holds 47 U.S. patents and more than 200 foreign patents on microphones and techniques for making polymer ​foil electrets. He has authored more than 100 papers and has contributed to books on acoustics, solid-state physics, and material science. He has received numerous awards, including the Golden Torch Award in 1998 sponsored by the National Society of Black Engineers, and the Lewis Howard Latimer Light Switch and Socket Award in 1989. He was chosen New Jersey Inventor of the Year in 1995 and was inducted into the Inventors Hall of Fame in 1999. He was appointed president of the Acoustical Society of American in 1997 and is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Both James  West and Gerhard Sessler were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1999.

The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Galatians Term Paper

The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Galatians - Term Paper Example Because of this the other missionaries who were most probably recently converted Jews (Judaizers, they were called) saw the weaknesses in the faith of the newly converted people. They were telling the neophytes that they would not reach salvation if they would not follow certain laws, specifically laws that have Jewish inclinations, which includes the rite of circumcision, among others. These neophyte Christians became so confused that they were at risk of losing their faith in Jesus Christ. Â  The other missionaries vehemently insisted that the neophytes carry on their belief of Jesus Christ along with following certain aspects of the Mosaic Law. They were also undermining Paul’s authority because, according to them, Paul is not trained by Jesus himself, and therefore not a true and original apostle. They were also telling the neophyte Christians that Paul lied to them, the Galatians, about the necessity of accepting certain Jewish practices like circumcision just so he could easily win their faith to Jesus Christ (Gal 2:2). When Paul knew of the situation, he defended his own authority and religion and in his being an apostle. He clarified the correct understanding of faith through this letter.

Recruitment, selection and deployment of human resources Case Study - 2

Recruitment, selection and deployment of human resources - Case Study Example Care should be taken to make these appraisal systems time bound, reliable, factual and consistent across all outlets. 2. Certainly, it is appropriate to modify the current rating systems in some of the stores. As these stores have a geographic element ingrained in their structure to cater to geographic customer needs, customer satisfaction needs to find a pivotal place and scope in these rating systems. Besides, while taking into consideration some practical concerns like practicality and economic viability, the rating systems in these stores need to be made more frequent rather than being annual or semi-annual. The rating system also needs to be made consistent across most of the stores to assure their accuracy and reliability. 3. One primary performance measurement and determination criteria I would suggest to the management would be Job Result, focusing on the measurable results of the jobs performed by varied employees like sales volume, quality and quantity of work done, etc. I would also suggest rating employees in consonance with their job behavior, like the amount of consideration and patience shown with customers. These particular stores strongly need to have a strong customer satisfaction

Comparing Disclosure Based Regulation And Merit Based Regulation Finance Essay

Comparing Disclosure Based Regulation And Merit Based Regulation Finance Essay There are tw0 basic models of regulatory system which is the supervision framework for securities market which is a merit based regulation and disclosure based regulation. These regulation systems are important to provide adequate investor protection and regulate business practices or codes of conduct that reduces systemic risks. There are several countries which have adopted the disclosure based regulation which are Malaysia, Hong Kong and Singapore. The countries which are still following the merit based systems are China and Philippines but to certain extend.  [1]   MBR The recognition of the need for a securities regulator to ensure investor protection and market integrity is located in the Securities Commission Act 1993 (SCA), under which the Securities Commission (SC) is established. Section 15(1) of the SCA requires the SC to, which control all matters relating to securities and to take all reasonable measures to preserve the confidence of investors in the securities market by ensuring sufficient security for such investors. The principal thrust of the regulatory framework currently applied by the SC is merit-based. Section 32(4) of the Securities Commission Act 1993 (SCA), give power that all proposals that involve issues or offers of securities to the public be subjected to the SCs prior approval. The SC has the discretion to approve the proposals with such revisions and subject to such terms and conditions as it deems fit. The SC also has the power to reject corporate proposals if it is reasonably satisfied that these proposals are not in the best interest of the public company and/or the investing public  [2]  . Authorities regulate securities offering Under the MBR, The authorities regulate the securities offering by protecting and shielding the investor by ensuring that the offering of the securities of the companys is judged by the authorities to be fair, just and equitable. Under this approach, the regulators or the authorities would make an assessment regarding the companys viability, quality and capabilities of the companys management, its suitability for listing and taking regard of the public interest before approving any issuance proposal regarding the companys securities.  [3]  For example, section 34(4) of the SCA, issues or offers of securities is subjected to the approval from the SC. Issuers and advisers disclose to authorities Under the MBR model, the issuers and advisers disclosed all information regarding the companys business to the authorities or the market regulators. These are because under this type of model, the market regulator needs to approve first the securities before the investor can be allowed to invest in the companys. This is for the purpose to protect the investor. Authorities reviews investment merits of offering Regulators review each transaction according to its perceived merits. The evaluation is completed in two stages which is firstly, adequacy of disclosure is assessed then, and the merits of the transaction are subjected to value judgment. Merit-based regulation assumes that the market regulators are better informed than investors and can better decide the merits of transactions on their behalf.  [4]  These merit judgment is the indication whether the companys can provide safe securities in making business in order to protect the investment made by the investor. Advantages of MBR Model In merit based regulation, it is a paternalistic attempt to improve or to develop the fairness between the relationship between the sellers and buyers of the securities in the capital market. These models also act as a shield to protect the public investors from the risks involved in acting on impulse. This is because the authorities had made deep valuation and merits regarding the companys business in order to approve the securities issued by the companys. This model or regulatory system is particularly suitable to be adopted for Malaysias emerging capital market which has a large proportion of financially unsophisticated retail investors. This is also reduce or minimizing the possibility of promoters of public companies exploiting these less sophicated investors to use as to their own advantages. In the securities market, the Securities Commission is also able to ensure that mechanism in place is working well in order to prevent unscrupulous and unethical practices in the issue or offer of the securities by the companies. By ensuing that the mechanism place is working, the investor would have minimized the risk of losing their investment by the unscrupulous and unethical practices of some companys who would provide false or inadequate information regarding their business. But, the ultimate decision still lies within the investor. This is because the decision and the evaluation of the security offered lies with the investing public. The securities commission will not give a guarantee that the investment made by the investor would get a return or profit.  [5]   The SC has the power to check and ensure that the securities that are offered by the issuers are fairly and reasonably priced. Disadvantages of MBR Model This is regards to the public interest where the public investor would make their decision in investing their money in the companys based on the SC. The approach of MBR posed a problem of moral hazard. This is because when the market regulators or the SC gives their approval of the merits of a particular company, it exist danger that investors will perceive that the corporation will be a good investment as the SC had given their approval after making some merits regarding the business of the companys. This would lead to an impression whereby the investor did not need to individually evaluate the merits or risk of investing in that company. The investor would totally leave it to the market regulator to make the research. By using these models, the regulatory approach of MBR restricts entrepreneurs and investors choice in making decision in choosing the right company to invest by limiting the scope of investment that is offered to them. This is because only SC will give and provide the necessary approval in order to make the issued security to be approved. If the companys does not comply the guideline given and the SC does not approve the issue offered, thus limiting the option available to the investor in investing their money. This approach also denies certain ventures of access to public funds unless the issuer of securities agrees to modify their offering according to the pre-requisite set by the SC. The issue that always arises is that the SC and the issuers of securities tend to have conflicting views as to how and the extent to which a proposed venture or transaction will be beneficial to investor in general. The SC is also known to be more conservative in its judgment and normally will not approve highly risky securities to be offered to the public. The merit based regulation also provided that by giving much protection to the investor, this will take the bargaining power from the securities offeror or issuers and the power will be switch to the investor instead. The protection is significant because the issuers of the securities need to raise funds at a substantial discount from the actual price of their securities. From this Market philosophy, this over-protection of the investing public had compelled issuers to raise funds at a substantial discount from the actual value of their securities or add to the perception of initial investors that they would be guaranteed a premium when the corporate body is launched onto the marketplace. Basic principle of DBR The basic principle of DBR is the need for the issuers and intermediaries offering securities to provide investors with sufficient, accurate and timely disclosure of all relevant information regarding the companys business, prospects, finances and the terms of the securities in order to allow investors to better evaluate the risks and merits of their investment.  [6]  This is to allow the investor to make they own informed investment decisions. Usually is done through the use of prospectus which focuses whether the companies comply with the standard of disclosure required. For example, in Malaysia, the companies that is listed in Bursa Malaysia, one of the listing requirements of the standard disclosure is to have at least two annual reports that can be inspect by the investors in order to make their decision to invest. The investor are expected to carry out their own due diligence or with the assistance of expert or professional such as lawyers and accountant because the investo r hold a higher level of responsibilities in evaluating the risk or particular offering based on the disclosed information before investing.  [7]   Authorities regulate disclosure of information in securities offering Under DBR, the regulation of the disclosure or the standard of the disclosure in securities offering is on the authorities where the authorities will provide the guidelines for the company in disclosing the relevant information pertaining the companys business, finances, prospects and terms of securities. The burden is put on the issuers of the securities and advisers and not on the authorities. Issuers and adviser disclosed to investor Under the model Of DBR, the issuers of the securities will provide sufficient information according to the Securities Commission Guidelines regarding the disclosure of information regarding their business. The advisers which are normally experts or professionals such as accountants, lawyers and other technical experts need to have play their role in the preparation of prospectus for the investing public. These are because each of these adviser or experts can be held liable for a defective prospectus under the DBR. The due diligence process is for the purposes of preparing good and complete prospectus and involves performing reasonable investigate work in order to determine that the prospectus does not contain any material omission or false information. Financial advisers and experts in particular are expected to have a very high standard of reasonable care. An adviser has an obligation to make a reasonable investigation not just for the purpose of its own due diligence defence but al so as a duty to the investing public who will be relying on the opinion and recommendations of the advisers. In order to minimize their potential risk, the expert of professionals must make due diligence enquiries.  [8]   Investors determine investment merits of offering In the DBR System, the investor cannot expect that the securities regulator to protect them forever. In order to invest, the investor cannot invest blindly. The investor must make their own research and collect data and information regarding the companys business. Investors have to evaluate and assess the merits of any security being issued or offered before making any investment decision It would become more apparent that investors would have to change their laid-back attitude. They can no longer take for granted that securities being issued or offered have already passed the regulators investment merit review. Instead, the information necessary for the investors themselves to evaluate the investment merit of a security will be available. Investors must also take a more active interest in the companies they invest in emphasis should always be placed on fundamentals and long-term performance rather than short-term profit. Investors should be concerned about ensuring that their rights and interests as shareholders are protected, and that greater transparency and accountability are shown by the directors or principal officers of the companies concerned. Ultimately the effectiveness of the disclosure regime to be adopted in Malaysia will depend on investors themselves. They must also rise to the occasion by paying closer attention to the affairs of the corporations in wh ich they invest. Under a disclosure-based regulation, investment analysts and financial journalists would have access to more relevant information to enable them to make more detailed analysis, research and assessment of each security issue or offering and can conclude at a better finding and recommendation. This is of particular importance in Malaysia in view of the large proportion of retail investors, some of whom lack the technical expertise and or the time needed to evaluate the web of information disclosed by issuers of securities. These investors may need to rely on the analysis disseminated by the investment analysts and financial journalists to make better informed investment decisions.  [9]   Advantages of DBR There are several advantages of the DBR regulatory model system. Basically, this would result in a more transparent and informed market whereby companies have to improve their quality of disclosure to facilitate potential decision making by potential investors. By upgrading the quality, the investors have more choice and more information pertaining the business and the finances of the companies before making any investment in the companies. Investor must know and get the information given by the issuer of securities to because the investor will hold the burden of all the responsibility towards their investment decision. One of the major advantages of DBR, the companies can raise more funds at a lower or cheaper cost. This is because it is based on the assumption that the higher level of transparency will lead to a greater evaluation risk by underwriters which would then contribute to a lesser cost in raising the fund which give the issuers companies the power to price it assets at a higher premium rates.  [10]   Another advantage under the DBR is where the role of the regulator is to ensure that the structure of the market is consistent and efficient for the market In order for the investor to make a decision. The regulators will ensure that the information given by the companies are disclosed so that the investor will become the judge in making judgment of the merits of alternative investment, so that the regulator would only emphasis on disclosure and eradication of fraud.  [11]   According to analysis, by shifting towards the disclosure based regulation, the benefit that the securities market will enjoy is that the increased of efficiency of the Malaysian capital market by removing the barriers to competitiveness which is present in the old merit regulatory system.  [12]   A higher standard of disclosure by the companies is ensuring by the regulatory bodies. This is because the companies are expected to follow the guidelines of disclosure of the information according to the SC. This would give more chance to the investor in making their own research of the accountability of the companies before making any investment. The Ground for the shift of regulatory model from MBR to DBR The Securities Commission continues to play an important role in providing direction on broad policy matters and in enforcing the securities laws and regulations. Its role is to ensure that the incentives and structure of the market are consistent with efficiency, fairness and stability. The table below shows the ground for the shift to DBR regulatory system. Three Tenets of DBR Disclosure The responsibility of directors of public companies is to ensure that all material information required by the public to make investment decisions is provided accurately, in full and on a timely basis. In disclosing such information, the question that is need to be asked is whether Has any important piece of information been omitted? Is any part of the information misleading? Is the information complete and accurate? Investors rely on available information when deciding where and when they should invest their money. There is a need for information when new securities are offered in the primary market. There is also a need for information when dealing in securities already traded in the secondary market. Disclosure of information therefore benefits investors by facilitating them to make investment decisions. Companies intending to offer securities to the public are required to fully disclose information about the affairs of the companies and the securities which are being offered, in the offering documents or prospectuses. For a public listed company, disclosure obligations are stipulated in the Listing Rules of the stock exchanges. Due Diligence In preparing the information to be disclosed to the public, directors of public companies must undertake a due diligence exercise to verify and ensure that the information to be released is accurate and timely. Due diligence is a process by which inquiries are conducted to ensure that information to be disclosed is true, sufficient and timely. Due care must also be given to ensure that there is no omission of material information. Material information is information which would reasonably be expected by rational investors to facilitate their investment decisions. Information that can affect the trading activities and prices of the companys securities must be released immediately. The onus then lies with the investor to consider and weigh the information provided before making decisions. Following amendments to the Securities Commission Act 1993 (SCA) in 1995, which placed a higher standard of responsibility on promoters, directors, and advisers in respect of disclosures, the Securities Commission released a publication on Due Diligence Practices in August 1996. The publication is intended to explain the importance of due diligence, especially given the criminal liabilities imposed on persons responsible for submission of proposals to the Securities Commission under section 32 of the SCA. In March 1999, another publication on Due Diligence Guidelines on Submission of Proposals to the Securities Commission was published. It was jointly issued by the Association of Merchant Banks in Malaysia, Federation of Public Listed Companies, MIA, MACPA and MAICSA. The publication, in detailing the due diligence process, the question whether 1) Who will be held responsible for conducting the due diligence? 2) Who should be included in a Due Diligence Working Group(DDWG)? 3) What should the terms of reference and role of the DDWG be? 4) What is the methodology used in conducting the due diligence exercise? The publication also includes a due diligence checklist for an initial public offering and sets out clearly the roles and responsibilities of the various parties involved in the exercise. Corporate Governance The timely, accurate and transparent disclosure of material information is an integral component of ensuring good corporate governance. Boards of directors of companies need to be open about the businesses they direct and this includes transparency in corporate activities and transactions. This is essential so that shareholders can exercise their rights constructively. However, they can only do so if they are provided the relevant information. Apart from compliance with laws and regulations that constitutes one aspect of ensuring that directors perform their fiduciary duties properly, there are also codes of best practices which the directors are expected to observe. Among the codes to be observed are The Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance, issued by the Finance Committee on Corporate Governance and The Company Directors Code of Ethics issued by the Registry of Companies.  [13]   Time Frame for Shift to DBR The shift to DBR takes effect over a period of five years under three phases, beginning in 1996, with full DBR expected to be achieved by the year 2001. An outline of the time frame and focus of the shift is set out below: Table 2: Time Frame for Shift from MBR to DBR

A Call from the Lower Middle Class

Most people belonging to the lower middle class are usually those who have a little degree of education and acquire basic office and clerical jobs. A rising issue on the division of classes is the abolishment of the lower middle class and the threat of more lower classes to evolve. Thus, in order to save the lower middle class, their needs as well as priorities must be considered and given enough attention. One of the basic needs of people belonging to the said class is health care. Due to the high cost of obtaining a health insurance, only limited people are able to access to an assured quality health care. Another need that should be considered is the opportunities for high wage jobs. The salary that the lower middle class gain from their works is not sufficient especially for those who already have a family. Such salary will be allocated to the everyday budget of his family. With the continuously increasing prices of the necessary commodities, the allocation of a low wage salary would be difficult. Some of the supposedly basic necessities for the family might be disregarded and sending their children to college might also arise as a problem. With regards to education on the tertiary level, an affordable college education must be provided. Reduced cost of education for those belonging to the lower middle class families would mean great importance and assistance. Â  Provision of scholarship programs is also a solution for the problem in education. The issue on education must be given priority since this process prepares the next generation for a better job. In the long run, if the education would be adequate, then the threat for the demolition of the lower middle class will no longer exist. Other needs of the lower middle class that must be considered concerns provision of low housing programs, reduced tax payment and an improve retirement security. The said social class must not be taken in for granted because they take part in the development of the economic growth of the country. The progress of the lower middle class is a means to reflect the condition of the state’s economy. Reference Strengthening the Middle Class. Retrieved April 17, 2008, from http://www.hillaryclinton.com/issues/middleclass/

Viewing Mrs. Dalloway Through the Lens of “Modern Fiction”

In â€Å"Modern Fiction,† Virginia Woolf comments on the flaws of modernist writers such as Wells, Bennett, and Galsworthy.   Their narrow focus on the material and lack of affinity for the spiritual or realistic, is evidence enough that they have fallen short in the literary sense.   In Mrs. Dalloway, Woolf explores connections with truth, reality, and that which is above the material through her narrative techniques, complex imagery, and provoking themes, thus emphasizing through Mrs. Dalloway what she has so adamantly called for in â€Å"Modern Fiction.†Woolf possesses the ability to create a work of fiction that evokes a pleasant reading experience for the reader without utilizing a central plot.   In Mrs. Dalloway, Woolf chooses to explore the narrative possibilities of bringing several characters through one single day in time.   This narrative technique works well in a text that mainly focuses on Mrs. Dalloway’s world view, her inner workings, and her exploration and sensory experience of the world surrounding her.The organizational structure of the novel challenges Woolf to create characters that are deep enough to be realistic while dealing with only one day of their lives.   Woolf creates within the character of Clarissa the inherent sense of the magnanimity of living one day in time.   Clarissa â€Å"had a perpetual sense, as she watched the taxi cabs, of being out, out, far out to sea and alone; she always had the feeling that it was very, very dangerous to live even one day† (16).Through Clarissa, Woolf creates a sense of the complexity each day is capable of bringing to individual characters, thus calling her readers to â€Å"look within life†¦examine for a moment an ordinary mind on an ordinary day.   The mind receives a myriad impressions—trivial, fanstastic, evanescent, or engraved with the sharpness of steel† (3).   Clarissa, through her sensory perception of the world around her, feels the danger of living even one day.Woolf’s embrace of the realistic and spiritual aspects of the world, asserted in â€Å"Modern Fiction,† are set up within this novel so that those views will be challenged.   Through the character of Clarissa, struggling through one day in time, Woolf compels the reader to consider the possibilities beyond the material world.   This narrative technique moves the action forward, and simultaneously delves into the life and inner workings of Clarissa, baring her soul to the reader and opening up the possibilities and realities of the spiritual world.Woolf also employs imagery that similarly challenges the reader to explore the possibilities of what lies beyond the material.   The imagery of death is quite prevalent in the text, and these images are mainly viewed through Clarissa, as she makes sense of her life.   Critic Jacob Littleton, in his article, â€Å"Portrait of the Artist as Middle-Aged Woman,† asserts that b ecause Clarissa possesses a â€Å"heightened view of existence,† she always possesses a â€Å"preternaturally vivid awareness and fear of the termination of the existence she loves so much† (38).Clarissa’s â€Å"fear of termination† resonates most clearly in her isolated attic bedroom.   The image of her bedroom symbolizes loneliness and death, and serves as a place where Clarissa frequently contemplates these subjects.   Her bed, â€Å"no longer the marriage bed symbolizing fertility, is symbolized by her fertile mind as shrinking into her world in a way that other outlooks available to her do not† (40).   She has no one but herself in which to rely, and this is evidenced through her continual fascination with the concept of death and the end of existence.Clarissa’s transcendental theory, which she uses as a reference to inform herself of the realities of the spiritual realm, causes her to surmise that â€Å"since our apparitions, th e part of us which appears, are so momentarily compared with the other, the unseen part of us, which spreads wide, the unseen might survive, be recovered somehow attached to this person or that, or even haunting certain places after death†¦perhaps—perhaps† (79). The image of the spiritual transcending death through means of apparitions is another powerful image within the text, and interlocks with the image of death and presents itself simultaneously.In the case of Septimus, Clarissa is able to feel a connection with him after he has died that seems to transcend death.   She assimilates herself with him after he took his life.   She knows that â€Å"she felt glad that he had done it; thrown it away†¦He made her feel beauty; made her feel the fun.   But she must go back.   She must assemble† (185).   Mrs. Dalloway sees herself in Septimus, even though she has never encountered him face-to-face; she sees something in Septimus that she desires fo r herself.Woolf, through Clarissa’s transcendental theory and interactions with the image of Septimus, uses Clarissa’s experience to assert her own views on the spiritual aspect of reality.   There is something far above the material that causes Clarissa to feel this affinity with Septimus.   There is something beyond herself that calls her to him, thus causing her to desire his fate for her own.   The power of the imagery of death and the ability to transcend it is fully realized in the doubling of Clarissa and Septimus.Lastly, Woolf uses themes that connect reality with the spiritual realm in an attempt to further her thesis in â€Å"Modern Fiction,† for fiction to be modern and worth reading, it must explore that which is above the material world.   Woolf’s main concern in the novel seems to be the inner workings of Mrs. Dalloway, her thought processes, and how she engages with the world surrounding her.   Woolf juxtaposes Clarissa’s i nternal self with her external world, thus setting up one of the most prevalent, resonant themes within the text, and it is â€Å"against this system that Woolf places a world of private significance whose meaning is wholly irreducible to facts of the external world† (37).This struggle between the internal and external surrounds not only Clarissa, but her double, Septimus, and thus permeates the novel.   Personality, according to Ellen Bayuk Rosenmann, in her article, â€Å"The Invisible Presence,† seems to be a â€Å"private fact,† which is far â€Å"alienated from public and political culture† (77).   Society at large is able to neither appreciate nor understand the inner workings of the soul, and thus stands at a distance.Woolf asserts in â€Å"Modern Fiction,† that â€Å"Whether we call it life or spirit, truth or reality, this, the essential thing, has moved off, or on, and refuses to be contained any longer is such ill-fitting vestments as we provide† (3).   In essence, the separation between the internal (soul) and the external (material world) is not navigable.   Mrs. Dalloway is forced to break down the material barriers that bar her from knowing herself, and delve into the depths of her soul to find the spiritual, the truth.Another fascinating theme within the text is the intriguing concept of human interaction.   Characters within the novel are being continually merged together through their experiences and through their own imaginations and memories as well (Littleton 39).   One of the most interesting examples of this is the relationship between Mrs. Dalloway and Septimus.   Clarissa never visually sees Septimus, yet he is the most significant part of her day.   Clearly, Woolf is merging the two characters together, yet she blurs the lines a bit, thus furthering her assertions in â€Å"Modern Fiction,† that â€Å"life is not a series of gig lamps symmetrically arranged; life is a lu minous halo, a semi-transparent envelope surrounding us from the beginning of consciousness to the end† (4).Septimus is a part of Clarissa’s consciousness, even though she does not realize it.   His life has a large impact of Clarissa, and he is the sole character that compels her to remain true to her soul. Critic J. Hillis Miller, in his article, â€Å"Repetition as Raising the Dead,† explains that â€Å"no man or woman is limited to him or herself, but each is joined to the others†¦diffused like a mist among all the people and places he or she has encountered† (173).   The characters are connected on various levels, and Woolf shows this connection quite acutely through the lens of Lady Bruton as she muses about the way in which Hugh and Richard remain with her after they leave, â€Å"as if one’s friends were attached to one’s body, after lunching with them, by a thin thread, which†¦became hazy with the sound of bells, striki ng the hour† (112).This statement furthers Woolf’s ideal that there is an inherent spiritual connection within human beings, a â€Å"thin thread† which connects humanity.   The interaction between the characters is remarkable, as Woolf continues to assert that there is a spiritual connection between human beings that surpasses any material, physical connection (8).Through means of narrative technique, fascinating imagery, and compelling themes, Woolf continues to assert her thesis in â€Å"Modern Fiction,† that fiction must be concerned with the reality of life, its inherent truth and spirituality.   If fiction is only willing to explore the material, it will do a disservice to humanity, for there is a world beyond the material that begs to be explored.   In Mrs. Dalloway, Woolf explore this other world, and brings to light fascinating possibilities that lie far beyond that realms of the material.Works CitedLittleton, Jacob. â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway: Por trait of the Artist as a Middle-Aged Woman.† Twentieth Century Literature. Hempstead: Spring 1995. 41:1, 36-48.Miller, J. Hillis. â€Å"Repetition as Raising the Dead.† Virginia Woolf. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea, 1986.Rosenmann, Ellen Bayuk. â€Å"The Invisible Presence: Virginia Woolf and the Mother Daughter Relationship.† Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1986.Woolf, Virginia. Mrs. Dalloway. New York: Harcourt, 1925.Woolf, Virginia. The Common Reader. 1st edition. 1925.

About The Prince by Machiavelli - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1544 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Niccolo Machiavelli Essay Did you like this example? Niccolo Machiavelli was born in the country now known as Italy, by the time it was Florence as its own independent nation. On May 3, 1469 and had an amazing childhood that any children could ever ask for. He was educated at a very nice school and grow up in the middle-class family. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "About The Prince by Machiavelli" essay for you Create order While growing up, he spent two years studying business mathematics; he was fortunate enough to work approximately eight years in Rome for a Florentine banker. After returning to Florence in 1494. When he came back to Florence, there was a massive conflict that overthrown the ruling family who has been ruling Florence for decades. The current ruler was religious based ruler. During the 1500s Machiavelli got married to Marietta di Lodovico Corsini, after getting married and lived together, they built a family and were fortunate to have six children. Machiavelli wrote The Prince as a book that the people in power will have to follow if they want to maintain their power. By the time when he wrote the prince it was not published and never got to be ready by many people because it did get a lot of criticism by some scholars and people actively involved with politics by the time; they argued against it saying that his intention for writing this book was not to help guide how to rule but instead how to not rule. In chapter one he talked about the types of government and how they are established. He specifically mentioned republics and monarchies as the types of government that were alive this time. While he was specifically writing this volume to the new prince, I still dont know why he included the part of chapter one, because based on my interpretation, If I was the new prince or the ruler I would feel like, the whole chapter one was written to tell me that I am newly monarchy that I got my authority through power and that would make me feel threatened by the Machiavelli and I would not even try to bring him through my government, because soon or later he could be the one betraying the ruler. In the second chapter, since he had lived in mostly monarchy society and he was dealing with the monarchy and not republic he did not talk about it because he had no reason to mention republic since the ruler was not under republic, but monarchy and his intention really was to maintain the monarchy. Machiavelli believed that hereditary monarchy was way easier to maintain because who gets to rule in the hereditary monarchy are those who are in the nuclear family and sometimes to extended families but extended families only for reasonable circumstances. The newly established monarchy was not as easy to maintain. Its very reasonable to say that Machiavelli was right because the newly established monarchy always has the opponents, who are trying to get the monarchy out of power. And the opponents might be several people who are on different groups or those who have a different political party. This type of monarchy is similar to the U.S. political party system, where the Democratic party and the republican party do switch the presidency back and forth and the party that doesnt win the presidency is the party that is always criticizing the other party deeply. Hereditary monarchy is like the ruler who is ruling under the divine right, because when is the hereditary monarchy not a lot of people question the legitimacy of the ruling family and so is the divine right, the ruler always claim that his/her ruling power came from God. That response minimizes the number of people who question and to try to go against them ruler because he/she (the ruler) uses God to maintain the power. And even if he be thus deprived, on the slightest mischance happening to the new occupier, he will be able to regain it (Machia, 05). Machiavelli strongly believed that those monarchies that are heredity when they lose their ruling power are more likely to regain back again. This is how Machiavelli differentiate the newly established monarchy and the ones that are heredity. The following chapter Machiavelli describes how maintaining a new monarchy is more exhausting than maintaining a hereditary monarchy. When there are a monarchy people are willing to change than monarchy to a recent one or the opponent, hoping that a new ruler will be better than the present one. This mentality of hoping a better state will always make people act against the prince or any monarchy that is not providing what people are asking at that time. For instance, France before the revolution and after the revolution, most of the conflicts and even revolution the people reacted against the government in place, but they never get what they wanted but they always go with the next alternative, that they think might lead them to prosperity. When the revolution took place, Napoleon was highly preferred by the French people because, he represented the French working class, but the soon he assumed power he was seemed worse than the monarchy that was previously there. Machiavelli in this chapter was trying to explain that no matter how much people might know that their decision is wrong they will always disorder the ruler. In this case, the prince might find himself in a position of fearing the people that have put him in power that they might acts against him again. This fear appears when the prince reaches to the point of seeing that he cannot maintain the support of these people because not being able to meet their expectations that their situation will better than the how the previous prince kept them. In this case, Machiavelli is telling the new prince that, people will take revenge if he is not strong enough to make them fear of him. Machiavelli demonstrates two ways to keep the state without conflict. The first which he mentioned, was through the appointment of the ministers, where those ministers will be governing but all the loyalty still remains to the prince, who appoint those ministers. And the second one that Machiavelli mentioned was the nobles. These nobles are not appointed by the prince, but they all still obey the rules of the prince and they take him as the ruler of the entire country. Although that this might sounds off track, but I found these ideas are similar to the American system of a three branch of government. It made me wonder while drafting the constitution of the United States if the founding fathers of the United States followed Machiavellis way of setting up a lasting government. The reason why I said that is very similar is because, the idea of the president nominating the supreme court justices, and the people who serve in Congress to be elected by the people and the President to be el ected by the electoral college, this is very similar to what Machiavelli is using an example of why the Kingdom of Darius, occupied by Alexander did not act against the successors after his death. Machiavelli explains some of the ways to hold to rule in the state that has been used to live in freedom using their own set of laws. The first thing he mentioned is to destroy those people. The second thing is to make sure that prince who takes full control and then after that the prince should make sure that the state keeps its own laws but to charge taxes and establish an oligarchy to keep the state in a friendly way. Machiavelli strongly believed that destruction is the only way to secure a state that has previously enjoyed the lifestyle of freedom and liberty. And he argued that the prince or the ruler who doesnt admit this has a reality puts himself in the danger of being destroyed by the people he rules. Personally, I strongly disagree with Machiavelli, because I believe by nature people are generally nice and when people are treated with fairness and respect are more likely to respond with kindness and to respect the ruler. But if the ruler uses the destruction as a way to ru le and to make people fear him, soon or later people seek acts of revenge and might not only be people who have been destroyed even those who are working by the side of that ruler or prince might seek revenge in the behalf of those people whom they helped to destroy. In the Prince volume, Machiavelli provides actual advice on the different ways that someone can get to power. More specific, chapter IV through XIV is the heart of the content in which Machiavelli wrote this volume for. He mentioned how to gain and to rule the newly established states, how the prince should do to maintain his power and control over the people, and how to maintain a strong army. Overall, Machiavelli wrote the prince as the symbol of guidance to the prince and he wanted to work for the Florentine government, unfortunately, it did not work. His volume was received as a ridiculous idea by people who first read it. But most people have actually used his argument to create a political argument and government regime.